Lecture 2 : Menstrual cycle ; Fertilization and implantation ; Pregnancy and embryogenic development, parturition and lactation

With a suitable diagram, describe the organisation of mammary gland.

Draw a neat diagram of the female reproductive system and label the
parts associated with the following (a) production of gamete, (b) site of
fertilisation (c) site of implantation and, (d) birth canal.

What role does pituitary gonadotropins play during follicular and
ovulatory phases of menstrual cycle? Explain the shifts in steroidal
secretions.

What are the changes in the oogonia during the transition of a primary
follicle to Graafian follicle?

Give a schematic labelled diagram to represent oögenesis (without
descriptions)

What are the events that take place in the ovary and uterus during
follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Why doctors recommend breast feeding during initial period of infant
growth?

Except endocrine function, what are the other functions of placenta.

What is foetal ejection reflex? Explain how it leads to parturition?

Corpus luteum in pregnancy has a long life. However, if fertilisation does
not take place, it remains active only for 10-12 days. Explain.

a. How many spermatozoa are formed from one secondary
spermatocyte?
b. Where does the first cleavage division of zygote take place?

A human female experiences two major changes, menarche and
menopause during her life. Mention the significance of both the events.

Which type of cell division forms spermatids from the secondary
spermatocytes?

Mention the importance of LH surge during menstrual cycle.

How does zona pellucida of ovum help in preventing polyspermy?

What is the difference between a primary oöcyte and a secondary oöcyte?

Give the names and functions of the hormones involved in the process of
spermatogenesis. Write the names of the endocrine glands from where
they are released.

From where the parturition signals arise-mother or foetus? Mention the
main hormone involved in parturition.

Why are menstrual cycles absent during pregnancy.

In our society the women are often blamed for giving birth to daughters.
Can you explain why this is not correct?

What is parturition? Which hormones are involved in induction of parturition?

Identify True/False statements. Correct each false statement to make it true.
(a) Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells. (True/False)
(b) Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells. (True/False)
(c) Leydig cells are found in ovary. (True/False)
(d) Leydig cells synthesise androgens. (True/False)
(e) Oogenesis takes place in corpus luteum. (True/False)
(f) Menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy. (True/False)
(g) Presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience. (True/False)

Name the functions of the following.
(a) Corpus luteum
(b) Endometrium
(c) Acrosome
(d) Sperm tail
(e) Fimbriae

Draw a labeled diagram of a Graafian Follicle?

What is oogenesis? Give a brief account of oogenesis.

What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands?

What are the major components of seminal plasma?

Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule.

The structure which provides vascular connection between the fetus and uterus is called __________.

The zygote divides to form __________, which is implanted in uterus.

Fertilization takes place in the __________.

The process of release of the ovum from a mature follicle is called__________.

Zygote is __________. (diploid/haploid)

Male and female gametes are __________. (diploid/haploid)

Fertilization is __________ in humans. (external/internal)

T.S. of mammalian testis revealing seminiferous tubules show different
types of cell.
(i) Name the two types of cells of germinal epithelium.
(ii) Name of cells scattered in connective tissue and lying between
seminiferous tubules.
Differentiate between them on the basis of their functions.

Give reason for the following :
(a) The first half of the menstrual cycle is called follicular phase as well
as proliferative phase.
(b) The second half of the menstrual cycle is called luteal phase as well
as secretory phase.

Give the function of
(a) Corpus luteum (b) Endometrium

“Each and every coitus does not results in fertilisation and pregnancy”.
Justify the statement.

Failure of testes to descend into scrotal sacs leads to sterility. Why?

What is colustrum? What is its significance to new born baby?

At what stage is the mammalian embryo implanted in uterus?

What is menstruation? What are the specific actions of FSH, LH, estrogen &
progesterone in menstrual cycle?

Where are leydig cells located? What do they secrete?

What is corpus luteum. How dose it functions as endocrine gland?

Name the substance present in the sperm acrosome & which help in sperms
entry into egg.

Explain the development of human embryo with diagrams.

‘A fertilized egg is the blue print of future development’. Explain

Explain the menstrual cycle with a diagram.

What are the various male accessory glands? Give their function.

What is the number of chromosomes in the following cells? Primary oocyte,
secondary oocyte, ootid and follicle.

Enlist any two functions of a female placenta.

Define parturition.

Name the functions of the following.

(a) Corpus luteum

(b) Endometrium

(c) Acrosome

(d) Sperm tail

(e) Fimbriae

Name the functions of the following.

(a) Corpus luteum

(b) Endometrium

(c) Acrosome

(d) Sperm tail

(e) Fimbriae

Fill in the blanks:

(a) Humans reproduce __________. (asexually/sexually)

(b) Humans are__________. (oviparous/viviparous/ovoviviparous)

(c) Fertilization is __________ in humans. (external/internal)

(d) Male and female gametes are __________. (diploid/haploid)

(e) Zygote is __________. (diploid/haploid)

(f) The process of release of the ovum from a mature follicle is called__________.

(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called the __________.

(h) The fusion of the male and the female gametes is called __________.

(i) Fertilization takes place in the __________.

(j) The zygote divides to form __________, which is implanted in uterus.

(k) The structure which provides vascular connection between the fetus and uterus is called __________.