Chapter-8 Human Health and Disease

What are recombinant DNA vaccines? Give two examples of such vaccines.
Discuss their advantages.

What is Pulse Polio Programme of Government of India? What is OPV?
Why is it that India is yet to eradicate Polio?

Drugs like LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines, etc., are used as medicines
to help patients with mental illness. However, excessive doses and abusive
usage are harmful. Enumerate the major adverse effects of such drugs
in humans.

What are the methods of cancer detection? Describe the common
approaches for treatment of cancer.

In your locality, if a person is addicted to alcohol, what kind of
behavioural changes do you observe in that person? Suggest measures
to over come the problem.

Why do some adolescents start taking drugs. How can this be avoided?

Compare the life style of people living in the urban areas with those of
rural areas and briefly describe how the life style affects their health.

Represent schematically the life cycle of a malarial parasite.

If there are two pathogenic viruses, one with DNA and other with RNA,
which would mutate faster? And Why?

What are lifestyle diseases? How are they caused? Name any two such
diseases.

For an organ transplant, it is an advantage to have an identical twin. Why?

A person shows strong unusual hypersensitive reactions when exposed
to certain substances present in the air. Identify the condition. Name the
cells responsible for such reactions. What precaution should be taken
to avoid such reactions.

What is cancer? How is a cancer cell different from the normal cell? How
do normal cells attain cancerous nature?

What is the basic principle of vaccination? How do vaccines prevent
microbial infections? Name the organism from which hepatitis B Vaccine
is produced.

In the metropolitan cities of India, many children are suffering from
allergy/asthma. What are the main causes of this problem. Give some
symptoms of allergic reactions.

From which plant cannabiniods are obtained? Name any two
cannabinoids. Which part of the body is effected by consuming these
substances?

Diseases like dysentery, cholera, typhoid etc., are more common in over
crowded human settlements. Why?

Drugs and alcohol give short-term 'high' and long-term ‘damages’,
Discuss.

What is secondary metabolism?

Many secondary metabolites of plants have medicinal properties. It is
their misuse that creates problems. Justify the statement with
an example.

Give the full form of CT and MRI. How are they different from each other?
Where are they used?

“Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is necessary for prevention
and control of many infectious diseases”. Justify the statement giving
suitable examples.

Explain any three preventive measures to control microbial infections.

“Prevention is better than cure”. Comment.

Do you consider passive smoking is more dangerous than active
smoking? Why?

Differentiate between benign tumor and malignant tumor

Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.

If a patient is advised Anti Retroviral Therapy, which infection is he
suffering from? Name the causative organism.

What does the term `memory' of the Immune system mean?

Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs. Explain the role of lymph
nodes in our immune response.

The harmful allele of sickle cell anemia has not been eliminated from
human population. Such afflicted people derive some other benefit.
Discuss.

Why is it that during changing weather, one is advised to avoid closed,
crowded and airconditioned places like cinema halls etc.?

If a regular dose of drug or alcohol is not provided to an addicted person,
he shows some withdrawal symptoms. List any four such withdrawal
symptoms.

What are interferons? How do interferons check infection of new cells?

Why is mother's milk considered the most appropriate food for a new
born infant?

Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food.
What are the preventive barriers to protect the body from such
pathogens? What type of immunity do you observe in this case?

What would happen to immune system, if thymus gland is removed
from the body of a person?

Given below are the pairs of pathogens and the diseases caused by them.
Which out of these is not a matching pair and why?
(a) Virus                                   common cold
(b) Salmonella                           typhoid
(c) Microsporum                         filariasis
(d) Plasmodium                          malaria

Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each
other?

The immune system of a person is suppressed. In the ELISA test, he
was found positive to a pathogen.
a. Name the disease the patient is suffering from.
b. What is the causative organism?
c. Which cells of body are affected by the pathogen?

The immune system of a person is supressed. He was found positive for a pathogen in the diagnostic test ELISA.

(a)   Name the disease, the patient is suffering from. (b)   Which pathogen is identified by ELISA test?

(c)   Which cells of the body are attacked by the pathogen?

(d)   Suggest preventive measure of the infection.

The pathogen of a disease depends on RBCs of human for grwoth and reproduction. The person with this pathogen suffers with chill and high fever.

(a)   Identify the disease. (b)   Name the pathogen.

(c)   What is the cause of fever?

(d)   Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically.

.  Answer the following with respect to Caner.

(a)   How does a cancerous cell differ from a normal cell?

(b)   Benign tumor is less dangerous than malignant tumor. Why

(c)   Describe causes of cancer.

(d)   mention two methods of treatment of the disease.

What is innate immunity? List the four types of barriers which protect the body from the entry of the foreign agents.

.  Fill in the blanks in the different columns of the table given below to identify the nos 1 to 6.

Name of disease      Causative organism      Symptoms

1.    Pneumonia                 Streptococcus                  (1)

2.    Typhoid                       (2)                                     High fever, weakness, headache, stomach pain

3.    (3)                               Rhinoviruses                     Nasal Congestion, and discharge sorethroat cough, headache

A person shows unwelcome immunogenic reactions while exposed to certain substances.

(a)   Name this condition.

(b)   What common term is given to the substances responsible for this condition?

(c)   Name the cells and the chemical substances released which cause such reactions.

Mention any three causes of drug abuse. Suggest some measures for the prevention and control of drug abuse.

What are Cannabinoids? From which plant Cannabinoids are obtained?

Which part of the body is affected by consuming these substances?

What is the role of histamine in inflammatory response? Name few drugs which reduce the symptoms of allergy.

Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs. Describe the role of lymph nodes in our immune response.

What would happen to the immune system, if thymus gland is removed from the body of a person?

Given below are the pathogens and the diseases caused by them. Which out of these pairs is not correct matching pair and why?

(a) Wuchereria                 –     Filariasis

(b) Microsporum               –     Ringworm

(c) Salmonella                  –     Common Cold

(d) Plasmodium                –     Malaria

Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other?

What is the reason of shivering in malarial patient?

Which microorganism is used to produce hepatitis B Vaccine?

Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria.

Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the bottle fed babies.

Why?

You have heard of many incidences of Chickengunya in our country. Name the vector of the disease.

Name the two major groups of cells required to attain specific immunity.

Name the diagnostic test which confirms typhoid.

i) Differentiate between communicable & non – communicable diseases?
Ii) Name the body part & the host in which following events takes place in life cycle
of plasmodium.
a) fertilization
b) Development of Gametophyte :-
c) Release of sporozoites :-
d) Asexual Reproduction.

What is vaccination? What type of immunity is provided by vaccination?

What are the various routes by which transmission of HIV takes place?

What is metastasis?

Draw a well – labelled diagram of antibody molecule.

Why is Second exposure to the same antigen elicits a quick & intense response?

How does cell – mediated immune system works when our body is infected?

What is the name given to the infectious stage of plasmodium?

Give an example of vaccine produced by recombinant DNA technology?

Name the test performed for the diagnosis of AIDS?

With the help of a well – labelled diagram, Describe the life cycle of malarial
parasite.

Describe the ill – effects of drug abuse in males & females. Also mention the
preventive measures that is to be taken to reduce such effects.

What are carcinogens? What are the different types of carcinogens? Also mention
the different methods of treatment of cancer?

What are autoimmune diseases? Give two examples?

What are allergens? How do they cause inflammatory response inside human
body?

Enumerate the two properties of cancer cells that distinguish them from normal
cell.

Name the fish that help in eradication of mosquito larvae.

Give the scientific name of causative germ of elephantiasis?

Name the type of cells that produce antibodies?

Discuss the role of lymphoid organs in the immune response. Explain the different
types of lymphoid organs giving two examples of each type in humans.

It was diagnosed by a specialist that the immune System of the body of a patient
has been suppressed. Describe the infection & the mechanism of its proliferation
in the body.

How does humoral immune system works when our body is infected?

Differentiate between active & passive immunity?

What do you mean withdrawal Symptoms? What are its characteristics?

Differentiate between two different types of tumours?

Name two curable sexually transmitted diseases?

Why does an AIDS patient suffer from many infections?

When is a tumour refered to as malignant?

In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?

Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.

Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?

List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.

Explain what is meant by metastasis.

How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?

What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?

What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?

Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.

Differentiate the following and give examples of each:

(a) Innate and acquired immunity

(b) Active and passive immunity

The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form:

(a) MALT

(b) CMI

(c) AIDS

(d) NACO

(e) HIV

Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?

How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?

(a) Amoebiasis

(b) Malaria

(c) Ascariasis

(d) Pneumonia

In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?

What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?