Chapter-11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes

The development of bioreactors is required to produce large quantities of products.

(a)   Give optimum growth conditions used in bioreactors.

(b)   Draw a well labelled diagram of simple stirred – tank bioreactor.

(c)   How does a simple stirred – tank’ bioreactor differ from sparged stirred

– tank’ bioreactor?

A selectable marker is used in the section of recombinants on the basis of their ability to produce colour in presence of chromogenic substrate.

(a)   Mention the name of mechanism involved.

(b)   Which enzyme is involved in production of colour?

(c)   How is it advantageous over using antibiotic resistant gene as a selectable marker?

Why is “Agrobacterium–mediated genetic engineering transformation” in plants considered as natural genetic engineering?

In recombinant DNA technology, vectors are used to transfer a gene of interest in the host cells. Mention any three features of vectors that are most suitable for this purpose

How will you otbain purified DNA from a cell?

Since DNA is a hydrophillic moelcule, it cannot pass through cell membranes. Name and explain the technique with which the DNA is forced into (ii) a bacterial cell (ii) a plant cell (iii) an animal cell.

Mention two classes of restriction enzymes. Suggest their respective roles.

How does plasmid differ from chromosomal DNA?

Name two main steps which are collectively referred to as down streaming process. Why is this process significant

An extra chromosomal segment of circular DNA of a bacterium is used to carry gene of interest into the host cell. What is the name given to it?

A linear DNA fragment and a plasmid has three restriction sites for EcoRI how many fragments will be produced from linear DNA and plasmid respectively

Write conventional nomenclature of EcoRI.

Some  enzymes  are  considered  as  molecular  scissors.  in  genetic engenrring. What is the name assigned to such enzymes?

Name two commonly used vectors in genetic engineering.

A restriction enzyme digests DNA into fragments. Name the technique used to check the progression of this enzyme and separate DNA fragments.

What are Restriction enzyme? Why do bacteria have these restriction enzymes.
Show diagrammatically a restriction enzyme its recognition & the product it
produces?

What is Bioreactor? What are the advantages of Stirred tank Bioreactor over
Shake flask. Show diagrammatically a simple Stirred tank Bioreactor?

How is gene Z used as a marker?

Name the components a bioreactor must possess to achieve the desired product?

What is the role of enzyme “Ligase” in genetic Engineering?

Differentiate between plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA?

Why do eukaryotic cells do not contain restriction enzymes?

Who isolated Restriction enzymes for the first time?

Name the enzyme responsible for removal of 5 – phosphate group from nucleic
acid?

Name the technique used for amplification of DNA?

Expand PCR? Describe the different Steps involved in this technique?

Mention the important tools required for genetic engineering technology?

Why is Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation described as Natural
Genetic engineering in plants?

Represent diagrammatically the E. coli. Cloning vector b PBR 322.

What are the two basic techniques involved in modern Biotechnology?

What is “Insertional Inactivation”?

Name the commonly used vector for trans formation in plant cell?

Why does DNA moves towards anode in gel electrophoresis.

Which enzymes are known as “molecular Scissors”?

Describe the various steps involved in Recombinant DNA technology with the help
of a well labeled. Diagram?

Describe any three vectors less method of introducing the rDNA into a competent
host cell?

Mention the important properties which a good vector must possess?

How can the desired product formed after genetic engineering be produced on a
commercial scale?

What are ‘Selectable marker’? What is their use in genetic engineering?

Write any two properties of restriction endonuclease enzymes?

Name the bacterium that yields thermostable DNA polymerase.

What is Bioconversion?

Name the substance used as a medium in gel electrophoresis.

Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between

(a) Plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA

(b) RNA and DNA

(c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease

Explain briefly

(a) PCR

(b) Restriction enzymes and DNA

(c) Chitinase

Describe briefly the followings:

(a) Origin of replication

(b) Bioreactors

(c) Downstream processing

Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?

Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?

Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.

Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?

Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.

What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.

From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?

Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.

Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).