Chapter 21 : Neural Control and Coordination

Explain the structure of middle and internal ear with the help of diagram.

Name the parts of human forebrain indicating their respective functions.

Explain the process of the transport and release of a neurotransmitter
with the help of a labelled diagram showing a complete neuron, axon
terminal and synapse.

What is the function ascribed to Eustachian tube?

If someone receives a blow on the back of neck, what would be the effect
on the person’s CNS?

Neural system and computers share certain common features. Comment
in five lines. (Hint: CPU, input-output devices).

What is the difference between electrical transmission and chemical
transmission?

Complete the statement by choosing appropriate match among the
following -
a. Resting potential                               i. chemicals involved in the transmission
of impulses at synapses.
b. Nerve impulse                                 ii. gap between the pre synaptic and post
synaptic neurons
c. Synaptic cleft                                iii. electrical potential difference across the
resting neural membrane
d. Neurotransmitters                         iv. an electrical wave like response of
a neuron to a stimulation.

While travelling at a higher altitude, a person complains of dizziness
and vomiting sensation. Which part of the inner ear is disturbed during
the journey?

Which sensory organ is involved in vertigo (sensation of oneself or objects
spinning around)?

Where is the hunger centre located in human brain?

What do grey and white matter in the brain represent?

Our reaction like aggressive behaviour, use of abusive words, restlessness
etc. are regulated by brain, name the parts involved.

Name the structures involved in the protection of the brain.

During resting potential, the axonal membrane is polarised, indicate
the movement of +ve and –ve ions leading to polarisation
diagrammatically.

Arrange the following in the order of reception and transmission of sound
wave from the ear drum:
Cochlear nerve, external auditory canal, ear drum, stapes, incus, malleus,
cochlea.

Which cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us?

Comment upon the role of ear in maintaining the balance of the body
and posture.

Rearrange the following in the correct order of involvement in electrical
impulse movement-
Synaptic knob, dendrites, cell body, Axon terminal, Axon

Taking one example, describe the functioning of the various components of a
spinal reflex arc.

Why are nerve impulses conducted more rapidly in myelinated nerve fiber than
in a non – myelinated one? Explain.

Give the location and function in the human eye, of the following –
(i) cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Vitreous humor

Why are gray matter and white matter contained in human nervous system
named so?

What is the chemical and difference between rods & cones?

Where does cerebrospinal fluid occur in our body? Mention two if its function.

Why is blind spot devoid of the ability for vision?

What is the basic unit of neural system?

What types of neurons are found in dorsal root of spinal nerve?

What is meant by the resting membrane potential of neuron. How do ion
channels & sodium – potassium pumps contribute to the resting potential?

Where are synaptic vesicles found? Name their chemical contents? What is
the function of these contents?

Why do giant squids have very thick nerve fiber?

What is mosaic vision?

Describe the role & location of ciliary body in human eye.

Give parts of neuron.

What is a compound eye?

What is threshold stimulus for nerve cell?

Name the band of nerve fibers that joins the two cerebral hemisphere in
mammals.

Draw a labeled diagram to show the structural view of human ear in the
sectional view.

Describe human neural system.

Differentiate between dorsal spinal roots and ventral spinal roots.

What are the events that take place at the point of stimulation of axon?

What happens when the membrane of a nerve cell carries out a sodium pump?

What is a reflex?

What is saltatory conduction?

How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in man?

How does an impulse travel across a synapse?

Distinguish between: (a) afferent neurons and efferent neurons

(b) impulse conduction in a myelinated nerve fibre and unmyelinated nerve fibre

(c) aqueous humor and vitreous humor

(d) blind spot and yellow spot

(f) cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

The region of the vertebrate eye, where the optic nerve passes out of the retina, is called the (a) fovea

(b) iris

(c) blind spot

(d) optic chaisma

Answer the following: (a) Which part of the ear determines the pitch of a sound?

(b) Which part of the human brain is the most developed?

(c) Which part of our central neural system acts as a master clock?

Differentiate between: (a) Myelinated and non-myelinated axons

(b) Dendrites and axons

(c) Rods and cones

(d) Thalamus and Hypothalamus

(e) Cerebrum and Cerebellum

Explain the following: (a) Role of Na+ in the generation of action potential.

(b) Mechanism of generation of light-induced impulse in the retina.

(c) Mechanism through which a sound produces a nerve impulse in the inner ear.

Answer briefly: (a) How do you perceive the colour of an object?

(b) Which part of our body helps us in maintaining the body balance?

(c) How does the eye regulate the amount of light that falls on the retina.

. Give a brief account of: (a) Mechanism of synaptic transmission

(b) Mechanism of vision

(c) Mechanism of hearing

Write short notes on the following: (a) Neural coordination

(b) Forebrain

(c) Midbrain

(d) Hindbrain

(e) Retina

(f) Ear ossicles

(g) Cochlea

(h) Organ of Corti

(i) Synapse

Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (a) Neuron (b) Brain (c) Eye (d) Ear

Explain the following processes: (a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre]

(b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre

(c) Conduction of a nerve impulse along a nerve fibre

(d) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse

 Compare the following:

(a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)

(b) Resting potential and action potential

(c) Choroid and retina

Briefly describe the structure of the following: (a) Brain (b) Eye (c) Ear