Chapter 20 : Locomotion and Movement

Differentiate between Pectoral and Pelvic girdle.

How does a muscle shorten during its contraction and return to its
original form during relaxation?

Explain sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with neat sketches.

An elderly woman slipped in the bathroom and had severe pain in her
lower back. After X-ray examination doctors told her it is due to a slipped
disc. What does that mean? How does it affect our health?

Calcium ion concentration in blood affects muscle contraction. Does it
lead to tetany in certain cases? How will you correlate fluctuation in
blood calcium with tetany?

What are the points for articulation of Pelvic and Pectoral girdles?

What is the source of energy for muscle contraction?

Write a few lines about Gout.

Radha was running on a treadmill at a great speed for 15 minutes
continuously. She stopped the treadmill and abruptly came out. For
the next few minutes, she was breathing heavily/fast. Answer the following
questions.
a. What happened to her muscles when she did strenuously
exercised?
b. How did her breathing rate change?

Rahul exercises regularly by visiting a gymnasium. Of late he is gaining
weight. What could be the reason? Choose the correct answer and
elaborate.
a. Rahul has gained weight due to accumulation of fats in body.
b. Rahul has gained weight due to increased muscle and less of fat.
c. Rahul has gained weight because his muscle shape has improved.
d. Rahul has gained weight because he is accumulating water in the
body.

Name atleast two hormones which result in fluctuation of Ca++ level.

Exchange of calcium between bone and extracellular fluid takes place
under the influence of certain hormones
a. What will happen if more of Ca++ is in extracellular fluid?
b. What will happen if very less amount of Ca++ is in the extracellular
fluid

In old age, people often suffer from stiff and inflamed joints. What is this
condition called? What are the possible reasons for these symptoms?

With respect to rib cage, explain the following:
a. Bicephalic ribs
b. True ribs
c. Floating ribs

Our fore arm is made of three different bones. Comment.

Give the location of a ball and socket joint in a human body

How do our bone joints function without grinding noise and pain?

Which tissue is afflicted by Myasthenia gravis? What is the underlying
cause?

What is the difference between the matrix of bones and cartilage?

The three tiny bones present in middle ear are called ear ossicles. Write
them in correct sequence begining from ear drum.

Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum refer to a particular
type of cell in our body. Which is this cell and to what parts of that cell
do these names refer to?

Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, _____,
_______ systems

Name the cells/tissues in human body which
a. exhibit ameboid movement
b. exhibit ciliary movement

Describe the various kinds of joint in human body. According to mobility
giving one example of each.

Describe any three disorders of the muscular system.

Represent diagrammatically a sarcomere and label its parts. Which of these
parts shorten during muscle contraction?

What are floating ribs? How many of them are there?

Give differences between red and white muscle fibers, other than color.

Which kinds of muscle fibers are richly found in the extensor muscles present on
the bact of human body? What characteristics enable those fibers to serve their
purpose?

What causes fatigue of muscle fibers?

What is the function of myoglobin?

Name the tissue which connects muscles to the bone?

What is the role of Ca++ and ATP in muscle contraction?

What are the three types of muscle tissue? Write two characteristic points
about the structure of each of them?

Explain the initiation of muscle contraction. What is the role of sarcoplasmic
reticulum, Myosin head and F – actin during contraction in striated muscles?

What is osteoporosis? Name two factors which are responsible for
osteoporosis.

Define a joint.

List functions of skeleton in higher animals?

What is the total member of bones present in the left pectoral girdle and the
left arm respectively in a normal human?

What is arthritis?

Name the functional contractile unit of muscle.

Explain sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Explain the following –
a) Antagonistic muscles
b) Tetanus
c) Threshed stimulus

Differentiate between Endoskeleton and Exoskeleton.

What makes the synovial joints freely movable? List any four types of
synovial joints.

What is the function of girdles?

Why can a red muscle fiber work for a prolonged period, while a white muscle
fibre suffers from fatigue soon?

Name the heaviest and longest bone in the human body?

Which type of movable joint makes the hip joint?

What is a tendon?

Fill in the blank spaces:

(a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra.

(b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________

(c) Thin filament of myofibril contains 2 ‘F’ actins and two other proteins namely __________ and __________.

(d) In a muscle fibre Ca++ is stored in __________

(e) __________ and __________ pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.

(f) The human cranium is made of __________ bones.

. Name the type of joint between the following:-

(a) atlas/axis

(b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb

(c) between phalanges

(d) femur/acetabulum

(e) between cranial bones

(f) between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle

How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?

What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?

Match Column I with Column II :
Column I                                                                  Column II
(a) Smooth muscle                                                        (i) Myoglobin
(b) Tropomyosin                                                           (ii) Thin filament
(c) Red muscle                                                             (iii) Sutures
(d) Skull                                                                     (iv) Involuntary

Write the difference between : (a) Actin and Myosin

(b) Red and White muscles

(c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true.

(a) Actin is present in thin filament

(b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments.

(c) Human skeleton has 206 bones.

(d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.

(e) Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body.

Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.

Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions