Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination

Describe the structure of a human kidney with the help of a labelled
diagram.

The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the
descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs. Explain.

How does tubular secretion help in maintaining ionic and acid-base
balance in body fluids?

Explain briefly, micturition and disorders of the excretory system.

Draw a labelled diagram showing reabsorption and secretion of major
substances at different parts of the nephron.

Explain the mechanism of formation of concentrated urine in mammals.

How have the terrestrial organisms adapted themselves for conservation
of water?

What is the procedure advised for the correction of extreme renal failure?
Give a brief account of it.

The composition of glomerular filtrate and urine is not same. Comment.

Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic in nature where as terrestual
forms are not. Comment.

What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney
function?

Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram.

Fill in the blanks appropriately
Organ Excretory wastes
a. Kidneys ______________________
b. Lungs ______________________
c. Liver ______________________
d. Skin ______________________

Mention the substances that exit from the tubules in order to maintain
a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

Complete the following:
a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion –
b. Dialysis fluid = Plasma–

Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during
reabsorption of GFR.

What are the main processes of urine formation?
12. Sort the following into actively or passively transported

Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by
analysis of urine.

Name two actively transported substances in Glomerular filtrate.

What is the role of sebaceous glands?

Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria.

The following abbreviations are used in the context of excretory functions,
what do they stand for?
a. ANF
b. ADH
c. GFR
d. DCT

What is the excretory structure in amoeba?

Identify the glands that perform the excretory function in prawns.

What is the composition of sweat produced by sweat glands?

What is the excretory product from kidneys of reptiles?

Where does the selective reabsorption of Glomerular filtrate take place?

Describe the renal excretory system of man.

How does liver both as a digestive as well as an excretory organ?

Suppose the kidneys of a person are damaged, can you predict what is going to
happen to him?

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic ar uric telic, Not
ammonotelic. Why?

What is chief nitrogenaus waste product in birds? Give two advantages of this
mode of excretion.

Describe the blood vessels called vasa rectae found in relation to uriniferous
tubules. What is their function?

Name the hormone which controls the concentration of sodium in the body.

What happens is glomerulonephritis?

Describe the mechanism of urine formation.

What is a dialysis machine? When is it needed?

Describe urea cycle.

What is the significance of frog’s tadpole being ammonetelic and the adult
frog being ureotelic?

Define glomerular filtration rate. What is its value in a healthy human?

Kidneys do not play a major role in excretion in ammonotelic animals Justify.

Besides water, name any two constituents of human sweat.

What are podocytes?

Name the three kinds of nitrogen excretion.

Describe briefly the structure and function of renal corpuscle.

Explain briefly how micturation is a reflex process; but is also under some
voluntary control.

Person suffering from very low blood pressure pass no urine why? What
suggestion would you offer for the removal of waste products from the
blood in such a situation.

How is the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting
tubule controlled for regulating the water content inside the body?

What are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of
glomerular filtrate? Explain any one of these.

Differentiate between Rennin and Renin?

What is the PH of urine.

What difference is observed in the ascending and descending limb of Henle’s
loop witch reference to permeability of water?

In which part of nephron filtration takes place?

Fill in the gaps : (a) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is _______ to water whereas the descending limb is _______ to it.

(b) Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by hormone _______.

(c) Dialysis fluid contain all the constituents as in plasma except _______.

(d) A healthy adult human excretes (on an average) _______ gm of urea/day

Name the following: (a) A chordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures

(b) Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney

(c) A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henle’s loop.

What is the significance of juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why ?

What is meant by the term osmoregulation?

Match the items of column I with those of column II :
Column I                                                          Column II
(a) Ammonotelism                                                  (i) Birds
(b) Bowman’s capsule                                              (ii) Water reabsorption
(c) Micturition                                                        (iii) Bony fish
(d) Uricotelism                                                       (iv) Urinary bladder
(d) ADH                                                                (v) Renal tubule

Explain micturition.

Describe the role of liver, lungs and skin in excretion

. Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false :

(a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex

(b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic.

(c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.

(d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.

(e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR

Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)