Chapter 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Distinguish between the following:
a. Exarch and endarch condition of protoxylem
b. Stele and vascular bundle
c. Protoxylem and metaxylem
d. Interfasicular cambium and intrafasicular cambium
e. Open and closed vascular bundles
f. Stem hair and root hair

Each of the following terms has some anatomical significance. What do
these terms mean? Explain with the help of line diagrams.
a. Plasmadesmoses/ Plasmodesmata
b. Middle lamella
c. Secondary wall

Assume that a pencil box held in your hand, represents a plant cell. In
how many possible planes can it be cut? Indicate these cuts with the
help of line drawings.

Is Pinus an evergreen tree? Comment.

Deciduos plants shed their leaves during hot summer or in autumn.
This process of shedding of leaves is called abscission. Apart from
physiological changes what anatomical mechanism is involved in the
abscission of leaves.

The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
What does the term placenta refer to? Draw various types of placentations
in the flower as seen in T.S. and V.S.

Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it increases in girth. Why and how?

Point out the differences in the anatomy of, leaf of peepal (Ficus religiosa)
and maize (Zea mays). Draw the diagrams and label the differences.

The stomatal pore is guarded by two kidney shaped guard cells. Name
the epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells. How does a guard cell
differ from an epidermal cell? Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Write the precise function of
a. Sieve tube
b. Interfasicular cambium
c. Collenchyma
d. Aerenchyma

What is the difference between lenticels and stomata?

Trunks of some of the aged tree species appear to be composed of several
fused trunks. Is it a physiological or anatomical abnormality? Explain
in detail.

A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which
are known as growth rings. How are these rings formed? What is the
significance of these rings?

Plants require water for their survival. But when watered excessively,
plants die. Discuss.

The lawn grass (Cyandon dactylon) needs to be mowed frequently to
prevent its overgrowth. Which tissue is responsible for its rapid growth?

Epidermal cells are often modified to perform specialized functions in
plants. Name some of them and function they perform.

What are the characteristic differences found in the vascular tissue of
gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Below is a list of plant fibres. From which part of the plant these are
obtained
a. Coir
b. Hemp
c. Cotton
d. Jute

What is the commercial source of cork? How is it formed in the plant?

While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like structures
get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures called?

What do hard wood and soft wood stand for?

The cross-section of a plant material showed the following features when
viewed under the microscope.
a. The vascular bundles were radially arranged.
b. Four xylem strands with exarch condition of protoxylem.
To which organ should it be assigned?

If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant is being removed?

Arrange the following in the sequence you would find them in a plant
starting from the periphery – phellem, phellogen, phelloderm.

Give one basic functional difference between phellogen and phelloderm.

What constitutes the cambial ring?

What are the cells that make the leaves curl in plants during water stress?

What part of the plant would show the following:
a. Radial vascular bundle
b. Polyarch xylem
c. Well developed pith

What is the epidermal cell modification in plants which prevents water
loss?

What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant prevent
loss of water but is absent in roots?

What is the function of phloem parenchyma?

Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. If the protoxylem lies next to phloem
what kind of arrangement of xylem would you call it?

Product of photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to various parts
of the plants and stored in some cell before being utilised. What are the
cells/ tissues that store them?

Describe the elements of xylem with the help of suitable diagram.

What is phellogen? What does it produce?

Draw a well labeled diagram of T.S. of monocot stem.

Differentiate between xylem & phloem

How can you identify a monocot stem and a dicot stem? Give reasons.

What is stomatal apparatus ? Draw a well labelled diagram of stomata.

What are the functions of tracheids.

Name the types of wood in which vessels are absent.

Why xylem & phloem are called complex tissues?

Name the tissue represented by jute fibres used for making ropes?

What is wood? What are its different types?

Describe the internal structure of a dicot root.

State the location & function of different types of meristems.

Why large number of stomata are seen on lower surface of dicot leaves in
terrestrial plants.

Distinguish between collenchymas& sclerenchyma.

What are tracheary elements? Of what use are these to plants ?

What are sclereids?

Name the aerating pores in the bark of stems.

When does vascular bundle refer to as closed bundles.

Describe the internal structure of a monocot root with the help of a labeled
diagram.

What are sieve elements? Explain their types & functions.

Explain the structure & function of collenchyma.

Differentiate between tracheids & vessels.

Mention four characteristics of sunflower’s vascular bundles.

Why is cambium considered to be a lateral meristem ?

Define meristem.

What is the function of companion cells in phloem ?

Name two specialized kinds of parenchyma.

Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams

What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems?

How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?

Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.

What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.

Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues?

The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features - (a) the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths. (b) phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?

Cut a transverse section of young stem of a plant from your school garden and observe it under the microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot stem? Give reasons

Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between (a) Monocot root and Dicot root (b) Monocot stem and Dicot stem

Explain the process of secondary growth in the stems of woody angiosperms with the help of schematic diagrams. What is its significance?

Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain

 State the location and function of different types of meristems.