Chapter 5 : Morphology of Flowering Plants

Seeds of some plants germinate immediately after shedding from the
plants while in other plants they require a period of rest before
germination. The later phenomena is called as dormancy. Give the
reasons for seed dormancy and some methods to break it.

How do you distinguish between hypogeal germination and epigeal
germination? What is the role of cotyledon (s) and the endosperm in the
germination of seeds?

Sunflower is not a flower. Explain.

The arrangements of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
What does the term placenta refer to? Name and draw various types of
placentations in the flower as seen in T.S. or V.S..

The mode of arrangements of sepals or petals in a floral bud is known as
aestivation. Draw the various types of aestivation possible for a typical
pentamerous flower.

Stolon, offset and rhizome are different forms of stem modifications. How
can these modified forms of stem be distinguished from each other?

Describe various stem modifications associated with food storage,
climbing and protection.

Distinguish between families Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae on the basis
of gynoecium characteristics (with figures), Also write economic
importance of any one of the above family.

Differentiate between
a. Bract and Bracteole
b. Pulvinus and petiole
c. Pedicel and peduncle
d. Spike and spadix
e. Stamen and staminoid
f. Pollen and pollenium

Rhizome of ginger is like the roots of other plants that grows
underground. Despite this fact ginger is a stem and not a root. Justify.

Tendrils of grapevines are homologous to the tendril of pumpkins but
are analogous to that of pea. Justify the above statement.

Why is maize grain usually called as a fruit and not a seed?

Tendrils are found in the following plants. Identify whether they are stem
tendrils or leaf tendrils.
a. Cucumber
b. Peas
c. Pumpkins
d. Grapevine
e. Watermelons

How can you differentiate between free central and axile placentation?

Mango and coconut are ‘drupe’ type of fruits. In mango fleshy mesocarp
is edible. What is the edible part of coconut? What does milk of tender
coconut represent?

You have heard about several insectivorous plants that feed on insects.
Nepenthes or the pitcher plant is one such example, which usually grows
in shallow water or in marsh lands. What part of the plant is modified
into a ‘pitcher’? How does this modification help the plant for food even
though it can photosynthesize like any other green plant?

Reticulate venation is found in dicot leaves while in monocot leaves
venation is of parallel type. Biology being a ‘Science of exceptions’, find
out any exception to this generalization.

Given below are a few floral formulae of some well known plants. Draw
floral diagrams from these formulae.

A typical angiosperm flower consists of four floral parts. Give the names
of the floral parts and their arrangements sequentially.

Draw diagrams of a typical monocot and dicot leaves to show their
venation pattern

The essential functions of roots are anchorage and absorption of water
and minerals in the terrestrial plant. What functions are associated with
the roots of aquatic plants. How are roots of aquatic plants and terrestrial
plants different?

Give two examples of roots that develop from different parts of the
angiospermic plant other than the radicle.

Name the body part modified for food storage in the following
a. Carrot __________________________
b. Colocasia __________________________
c. Sweet potato __________________________
d. Asparagus __________________________
e. Radish __________________________
f. Potato __________________________
g. Dahlia __________________________
h. Turmeric __________________________
i. Gladiolus __________________________
j. Ginger __________________________
k. Portulaca __________________________

In epigynous flower, ovary is situated below the _____________.

Which parts in ginger and onion are edible?

Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic of _____________ and
_____________ respectively.

In aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia, leaves and roots are found
near _____________.

In swampy areas like the Sunderbans in West Bengal, plants bear special
kind of roots called _____________.

In Opuntia the stem is modified into a flattened green structure to perform
the function of leaves (i.e., photosynthesis). Cite some other examples of
modifications of plant parts for the purpose of photosynthesis.

Write floral formula for a flower which, is bisexual; actinomorphic; sepals
five, twisted aestivation, petals five; valvate aestivation; stamens six; ovary
tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular with axile placentation.
3. In Opuntia the stem is modified into a flattened green structure to perform

Explain with examples. What are the different modifications of adventitious
roots?

Describe the sub- aerial modifications of stem.

What is aestivation? What are its different types give examples.

How would you differentiate leaflets of a compound leaf from simple leaves
on a branch?

“Underground parts of a plant are not always roots” justify the statement.

Write the floral formula & draw the floral diagram of family Liliaceae.

Differentiate between true fruit & false fruit.

Why is leaf of Neem called unipinnately compound.

Which plants part has given rise to following modifications:-
a) Spines of opuntia b) Pitcher of Nepenthes.

Name two plants where seeds do not have endosperm?

What do you mean by “modification of roots”. Describe some of the
modifications of tap roots giving suitable example.

Compare Trailer, runner & sucker.

Give four types of underground stem & give examples for each.

Draw the floral formula & floral diagram of family solanaceae.

What is inflorescence? What are its two types?

Distinguish between prop root & stilt roots

“Flower is a modified shoot.” justify the statement.

Why root system is poorly developed in aquatic plants.

Which family has characteristically a swollen axile placenta.

Name the two layers of seed coat.

Describe the aerial modifications of stem.

Differentiate between Tuber & Bulb.

How do various leaf modifications help plants?

Write differences between phyllode & phylloclade.

Draw a well labeled diagram of V.S. of maize seed.

Explain with suitable examples of different types phyllotaxy

Why are flowers of mustard referred to as hypogynous.

What are runners?

What is the term used for a plant bearing both male & female flowers.

What is a flower? Describe the parts of typical angiospermic plants with the
help of a diagram.

How is herbaceous stem different from a woody stem?

Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on
thalamus.

Why is leaf of Bombax categorized as palmately compound multifoliate leaf?

Define venation? What are two types of venation?

What is the difference between alternate & whorled phylotaxy.

What is false fruit?

Why are flowers of cucumber referred to as epigynous ?

Write floral formula of Brassica Campestris.

Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants &
represent diagrammatically.

Differentiate between a maiz grain & a bean seed?

Describe that parts of a typical angiospermic leaf?

Give reason to justify that onion bulb is a modified stem?

Differentiate between epigynous & perigynous flowers.

What is Rhizome? Give its two examples.

What is placentation?

Why are date palm referred to as dioecious?

Name one monocot & one dicot in which endosperm is present?

Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on thalamus

Write the floral formula of a actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous flower with five united sepals, five free petals, five free stamens and two united carples with superior ovary and axile placentation.

Define the term inflorescence. Explain the basis for the different types inflorescence in flowering plants.

How do the various leaf modifications help plants?

What is a flower? Describe the parts of a typical angiosperm flower

Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants.

Take one flower each of the families Fabaceae and Solanaceae and write its semi-technical description. Also draw their floral diagram after studying them.

Describe modifications of stem with suitable examples.

Draw the labelled diagram of the following: (i) gram seed (ii) V.S. of maize seed

Differentiate between (a) Racemose and cymose inflorescence (b) Fibrous root and adventitious root (c) Apocarpous and syncarpous ovary

Define the following terms: (a) aestivation (b) placentation (c) actinomorphic (d) zygomorphic (e) superior ovary (f) perigynous flower (g) epipetalous stamen

Explain with suitable examples the different types of phyllotaxy.

Justify the following statements on the basis of external features: (i) Underground parts of a plant are not always roots. (ii) Flower is a modified shoot.

Justify the following statements on the basis of external features: (i) Underground parts of a plant are not always roots. (ii) Flower is a modified shoot.

What is meant by modification of root? What type of modification of root is found in the: (a) Banyan tree (b) Turnip (c) Mangrove trees