Chapter 1 : The Living World

Some of the properties of tissues are not the constituents of its cells.
Give three examples to support the statement.

What is the similarity and dissimilarity between “whole moong daal”
and “broken moong daal” in terms of respiration and growth? Based on
these parameters classify them into living or nonliving?

Do you consider a person in coma-living or dead?

Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception.
Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living
reactions. Comment.

A student of taxonomy was puzzled when told by his professor to look
for a key to identify a plant. He went to his friend to clarify what ‘Key’ the
professor was refering to? What would the friend explain to him?

Define a taxon. What is meant by taxonomic hierarchy. Give a flow
diagram from the lowest to highest category for a plant and an animal.
What happens to the number of individuals and number of shared
characters as we go up the taxonomical hierarchy?

What are taxonomical aids? Give the importance of herbaria and
museums. How are Botanical gardens and Zoological parks useful in
conserving biodiversity?

A scientist has come across a plant which he feels is a new species. How
will he go about its identification, classification and nomenclature.

What is meant by living? Give any four defining features of life forms.

The number and kinds of organism is not constant. How do you explain
this statement?

Properties of cell organelles are not always found in the molecular
constituents of cell organelles. Justify.

Brinjal and potato belong to the same genus Solanum, but to two different
species. What defines them as seperate species?

A plant may have different names in different regions of the country or
world. How do botanists solve this problem?

What is the difference between flora, fauna and vegetation? Eichornia
crassipes is called as an exotic species while Rauvolfia serpentina is an
endemic species in India. What do these terms exotic and endemic refer to?

How do you prepare your own herbarium sheets? What are the different
tools you carry with you while collecting plants for the preparation of a
herbarium? What information should a preserved plant material on the
herbarium sheet provide for taxonomical studies?

A plant species shows several morphological variations in response to
altitudinal gradient. When grown under similar conditions of growth,
the morphological variations disappear and all the variants have common
morphology. What are these variants called?

International Code of Botanical nomenclature (ICBN) has provided a code
for classification of plants. Give hierarchy of units of classification
botanists follow while classifying plants and mention different ‘Suffixes’
used for the units.

In a given habitat we have 20 plant species and 20 animal species. Should
we call this as ‘diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’? Justify your answer

A ball of snow when rolled over snow increases in mass, volume and
size. Is this comparable to growth as seen in living organisms? Why?

Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well
known botanical gardens in India.

Define metabolism.

Amoeba multiplies by mitotic cell division. Is this phenomena growth or
reproduction? Explain.

What is a Monograph?

Couplet in taxonomic key means ________________ .

What does ICZN stand for?

Linnaeus is considered as Father of Taxonomy. Name two other botanists
known for their contribution to the field of plant taxonomy?

What effect does this condition have on pregnancy?

Which hormones could be decreased by this condition?

How is it caused?

On an educational trip to Uttaranchal, Ketki and her friends observe
that people in many localities have swollen necks. Please help Ketki and
her friends to find out the solution to the following questions:
a. Which disease are these people suffering from?

Differentiate between pectoral and pelvic girdle.

Discuss the role of Ca2+ ions in muscle contraction. Draw neat sketches
to illustrate your answer.

Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by
making a table.

Explain the mechanism of breathing with neat labelled sketches

How is the aspect of mobility of elements important to horticulture
and agriculture?

It is observed that deficiency of a particular element showed its symptoms
initially in older leaves and then in younger leaves.
a. Does it indicate that the element is actively mobilized or relatively
immobile? Name two elements which are highly mobile and two
which are relatively immobile.

Explain the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a labelled
sketch.

The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.

What does the term placenta refer to? Name the different types of
placentation seen in plants. Draw any three types of placentation in
flowers as seen in T.S.

Distinguish between families fabaceae, solanaceae, liliaceae on the basis
of gynoecium characteristics. Also write economic importance of any
one of the above family.

Lichen is usually cited as an example of ‘symbiosis’ in plants where
an algal and a fungal species live together for their mutual benefit.
What will happen if algal and fungal partners are separated from
each other?
a. Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each other.
b. Both will die
c. Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die.
d. Fungal component will survive while algal partner will die.
Based on your answer how do you justify this association as symbiosis.

With the help of a schematic diagram describe the haplo-diptontic life
cycle pattern in plants.

Old people have weak immune system. What could be the reason?

What is the role of second messenger in hormone action?

What is the role-played by lutenizing hormones in males and females
respectively?

What is the role-played by lutenizing hormones in males and females
respectively?

What are the point for articulation of pelvic and pectoral girdles?

Write a few lines about Gout.

What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney
function?

c. Name the reptile which has four chambered heart.

b. Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining
the rhythmic activity of the heart.

a. What is the major site where RBCs are formed.

Briefly describe the following:
a. Atherosclerosis
b. Thrombocytes

Differentiate between Blood and L ymph.

State the different modes of CO2 transport in blood.

Name the part of the alimentary canal where major absorption of digested
food takes place. What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food
materials?

What is pancreas? Mention the major secretions of pancreas that are
helpful in digestion.

A gardener finds some broad-leaved dicot weeds growing in his lawns.
What can be done to get rid of the weeds efficiently?

What are the structural characteristics of
a. Meristematic cells near root tip
b. The cells in the elongation zone of the root

Nicotiana tabacum, a Short Day Plant, when exposed to more than critical
period of light fails to flower. Explain.

Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for the light reaction. What are
accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for the light reaction. What are
accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?

Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to
check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO2
requirements?

Which is the most crucial enzyme found in root nodules for N2 fixation?
Does it require a special pink coloured pigment for its functioning?
Elaborate?

How are organisms like Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus of significance
in nitrogen cycle?

How is sulphur important for plants? Name the amino acids in which it
is present.

When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in 10% potassium
nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?

Frogs are beneficial for mankind, justify the statement.

Give the location of hepatic caeca in a cockroach? What is their function?

Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it increases in girth. Why
and how?

While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like
structures get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures
called?

Give two examples of roots that develop from different parts of the
angiospermic plant other than the radicle.

Fill up the blank spaces appropriately

c. Direct Development and Indirect Development

b. Oviparous and Viviparous.

Differentiate between:
a. Open Circulatory System and Closed Circulatory System

What is erythropoiesis? Which hormone stimulates it?

Which of the two adrenocortical layers, zona glomerulosa and zona
reticularis lies outside enveloping the other?

There are many endocrine glands in human body. Name the gland which
is absent in male and the one absent in female.

Arrange the following in the order of reception and transmission of sound
wave from the external auditory canal:
Cochlear nerve, ear drum, stapes, incus, malleus, cochlea.

Specific cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us,
what are they?

Comment upon the role of ear in maintaining the balance of the body
and posture.

Rearrange the following in the correct order of involvement in electrical
impulse movement-
Synaptic knob, dendrites, cell body, Axon terminal, Axon.

The three tiny bones present in middle ear are called ear ossicles. Write
them in correct sequence begining from ear drum.

Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, _____,
and _______ systems.

c. Which exhibit muscular movement.

b. Which exhibit ciliary movement.

Name the cells/tissues in human body,
a. Which exhibit amoeboid movement.

Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during
reabsorption of GFR.

What are main processes of urine formation?

Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by
analysis of urine.

Name two actively transported substances in glomerular filtrate.

d. Lymphocytes

c. Neutrophils

b. Globulin

State the functions of the following in blood.
a. Fibrinogen

State the functions of the following in blood.

Increased systolic pressure.

Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation.
Name the disorders.

Name the vascular connection that exists between the digestive tract
and liver.

e. One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of
_________ in an ECG.

d. _______ ions play a significant role in clotting.

c. Eosinophils are associated with _____ reactions.

Complete the missing word in the statement given below:
a. Plasma without _________ factors is called serum.

Name the blood component, which is viscous and straw coloured fluid.

What is the amount of O2 supplied to tissues through every 100 mL. of
oxygenated blood under normal physiological conditions?

Cigarette smoking causes emphysema. Give reason.

Name the primary site of exchange of gases in our body?

A fluid filled double membranous layer surrounds the lungs. Name it
and mention its important function.

Stomach is located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity and has
three major parts. Name these three parts:

What do we call the type of teeth attachment to jaw bones in which each
tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bones?

Define digestion in one sentence.

Name the enzymes involved in the breakdown of nucleotides into sugars
and bases?

In which part of alimentary canal does absorption of water, simple sugars
and alcohol takes place?

Trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme of pancreatic juice. An enzyme,
enterokinase, activates it. Which tissue/ cells secrete this enzyme?

The food mixes thoroughly with the acidic gastric juice of the stomach
by the churning movements of its muscular wall. What do we call the
food then?

Plant growth substances (PGS) have innumerable practical applications.
Name the PGS you should use to
a. Increase yield of sugar cane
b. Promote lateral shoot growth
c. Cause sprouting of potato tuber
d. Inhibit seed germination

Fill in the places with appropriate word/words.
a. A phase of growth which is the maximum and fastest is __________.
b. Apical dominance as expressed in dicotyledonous plants is due
to the presence of more ________ in the apical bud than in the
lateral ones.
c. In addition to auxin, ________ must be supplied to culture medium
to obtain a good callus in plant tissue culture.
d. ________ of a vegetative plants are the sites of photoperiodic
perception.

b. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of _________ .

a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on __________.

Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have
chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?

The cytoplasm in a plant cell is surrounded by both cell wall and cell
membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across
the cell membrane, because __________.

Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20 m height, the
tip receives water within two hours. The most important physiological
phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is
_____________.

Absorption of water from soil by dry seeds increases the _____________,thus helping seedlings to come out of soil

A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is
added to make the plant grow faster, but after some time the plant dies.
This may be due to _______ .

Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the
cell membrane. The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon both
______________.

Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell membrane,
but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain
bimolecules named as ____________.

Give two identifying features of an adult male frog.

Name the different cell junctions found in tissues.

A muscle fibre tapers at both ends and does not show striation. Identify
the muscle fibre.

What is the scientific term given to segments of earthworm?

Identify the sex of a frog in which sound producing vocal sacs are present.

How many times do nymphs moult to reach the adult form of cockroach?

What are sclerites present in cockroach?

Which segments in earthworm are covered by a prominent dark band or
clitellum?

What is metagenesis? Mention an example which exhibits this
phenomenon.

What is the importance of pneumatic bones and air sacs in Aves?

Identify the phylum in which adults exhibit radial symmetry and larva
exhibit bilateral symmetry.

Differentiate between classical taxonomy & Modern taxonomy.

How would you set up a herbarium?

What are taxonomic aids? Mention some of the taxonomic aids for
identification

What is a taxon? Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with a suitable example?

Differentiate between taxonomy & systematic.

What is Taxonomic key? How is it helpful in the identification & classification
of an organism?

Why are living organisms classified?

What do you mean by “chemotaxonomy?

What are the three codes of nomenclatures?

Name the highest categories of classification?

What are the major divisions of classification, classify man.

Explain the utility of systematic & mention the characterstics of new.

State any five objectives of classification.

“Botanical gardens are living herbaria”. Comment ?

Describe the role of museum in studying systematic?

Differentiate between taxon & category?

Why are classification systems changing every now & then?

What is meant by identification of a species?

Who gave binomial name of classification?

Give the unit of classification?

What is Binomial system of nomenclature? Who proposed this system? Why is
binomial nomenclature the most acceptable mode of naming organism?

What is Binomial system of nomenclature? Who proposed this system? Why is
binomial nomenclature the most acceptable mode of naming organism?

What is Biological classification? What is the need of classification?

Name the guidelines for naming of organisms?

Differentiate between species & taxon?

Give the role of botanical gardens?

What are the advantages of giving scientific names of the organisms?

Write the correct order of sequence of taxonomical categories?

Give the two name system of organisms?

Name the three fields of systematics.

How is a key helpful in the identification and classification of an organism?

Define and understand the following terms:

(i) Phylum (ii) Class (iii) Family (iv) Order (v) Genus

Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word ‘species’. Discuss with your teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand and bacteria on the other hand.

Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?

(a) Species → Order → Phylum → Kingdom

(b) Genus → Species → Order → Kingdom

(c) Species → Genus → Order → Phylum

Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.

Given below is the scientific name of Mango. Identify the correctly written name.

Mangifera Indica

Mangifera indica

What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?

What different criteria would you choose to classify people that you meet often?

Why are the classification systems changing every now and then?

Why are living organisms classified?